INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA

2025: Принято к публикации
Статьи

MAIN DIRECTIONS IN COVERAGE OF GENDER POLICY IN CITIZEN JOURNALISM IN THE USA AND WESTERN EUROPE

PDF
  • Oisha Zakirova
Oisha Zakirova
University of Journalism and Mass Communications of Uzbekistan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.62499/ijmcc.vi.132

Published 2025-10-25

Keywords

  • citizen journalism,
  • gender equality,
  • female bloggers,
  • media policy,
  • digital security,
  • gender stereotypes
    • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Zakirova, O. (2025). MAIN DIRECTIONS IN COVERAGE OF GENDER POLICY IN CITIZEN JOURNALISM IN THE USA AND WESTERN EUROPE. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA. https://doi.org/10.62499/ijmcc.vi.132

Abstract

This article analyzes the main trends in gender policy coverage in citizen journalism in the USA and Western European countries, as well as the role of women’s participation in the media space. It emphasizes that the development of digital technologies has transformed citizen journalism into an active force in socio-political processes. The study provides a regional comparative analysis based on sources such as GMMP (2020), Mutsvairo and Wasserman (2016), and Gillmor (2004), demonstrating that women are less involved in political and technical topics. In the Uzbek context, although blogging and citizen journalism are developing, gender stereotypes and “passive images” of women persist in content (Gender stereotypes..., 2023). Additionally, drawing on international examples (IWMF, 2018; OSCE, 2016; IPI, 2017), the issue of online harassment against women journalists is highlighted, along with its negative impact on their professional activities. In conclusion, citizen journalism is viewed not only as a means of disseminating information to women but also as a platform for ensuring social justice and gender equality.

PDF

References

  1. Ahmed, A., & Perlroth, N. (2017). Using texts as lures, government spyware targets Mexican journalists and their families. The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/19/world/americas/mexico-spyware-anticrime.html?rref=collection/timestopic/Mexico&action=click&contentCollection=world&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=4&pgtype=collection
  2. Annual report on gender equality 2021. (2021). European Commission. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2021 05/annual_report_ge_2021_printable_en_0.pdf
  3. Argentina's journalists speak out against online gender-based violence. (2023). United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.unfpa.org/news/argentina%E2%80%99s-journalists-speak-out-against-online-gender-based-violence
  4. Criado Pérez, C. (2019). Invisible women: Data bias in a world designed for men. New York, NY: Abrams Press. Retrieved October 23, 2025 from https://crl.acrl.org/index.php/crl/article/view/24921/32772
  5. Escalona, D. (2018). Research: A review of studies shows increasing online threats to female journalists. Investigative Journalism Education Consortium. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://ijec.org/2018/08/01/research-a-review-of-studies-shows-increasing-online-threats-to-female-journalists/
  6. Gender stereotypes and gender-based violence in Uzbekistan. (2023). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Tashkent: UNDP Uzbekistan. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2023-03/Gender%20Stereotypes%20final%20(4).pdf
  7. Gillmor, D. (2004). We the media: The rise of citizen journalists. National Civic Review, 93(4), 16–29. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1002/ncr.62
  8. Hansen, R., Doll, M., Moy, P., & Powers, M. (2025). Explaining the feminization of statehouse reporting in one American state: A field analysis. Journalism Practice. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2025.2554244
  9. Highlights of findings: Communication. (2021). Global Media Monitoring Project. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://whomakesthenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/GMMP-2020.Highlights_FINAL.pdf
  10. Journalists in Finland face 'unprecedented' levels of online abuse. (2017). International Press Institute (IPI). Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://ipi.media/journalists-in-finland-face-unprecedented-levels-of-online-abuse/
  11. McGahan, J. (2014). She tweeted against the Mexican cartels, and they tweeted her murder. The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.thedailybeast.com/she-tweeted-against-the-mexican-cartels-they-tweeted-her-murder/
  12. Meyer, H. (2013). Gender stereotypes and citizen journalism. Journal of Research on Women and Gender, 6. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.academia.edu/3567523/Gender_Stereotypes_and_Citizen_Journalism Mutsvairo, B., & Wasserman, H. (Eds.). (2016). Digital activism in the social media era: Critical reflections on emerging trends in Sub-Saharan Africa. Springer. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40949-8
  13. New Challenges to Freedom of Expression: Countering Online Abuse of Female Journalists. (2016). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Vienna: OSCE. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/c/3/220411.pdf Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199999736.001.0001
  14. Rasmukhamedova, F., Ergasheva, U., Tulyaganova, G., Namazbayeva, K., & Khamrakulova, N. (2024). Do women need rights? Mass media and the current stage of development of the movement for gender equality. International Journal of Media and Communications in Central Asia, 5, 57–73. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.62499/ijmcc.vi.55
  15. Tajahuerce Á.I. & Padilla C.G. (2015). Políticas de género sobre medios de comunicación: qué existe y qué debería existir para regular los contenidos y el lenguaje de la información periodística. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, (37), 169–210. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2015.37.169-210
  16. Violence and harassment against women in the news media. (2018). International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF). Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://www.iwmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Violence-and-Harassment-against-Women-in-the-News-Media.pdf
  17. Who makes the news? (2020). Global Media Monitoring Project. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://whomakesthenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/GMMP2020-Eng.pdf Zeng, X., Jain, S., Nguyen, A., & Allan, S. (2019). New perspectives on citizen journalism. Global Media and China, 4(1), 3–12. Retrieved October 11, 2025 from https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436419836459